LA EPIGENÉTICA EN LA DIABETES TIPO 2 Y EL IMPACTO DEL ESTILO DE VIDA EN SU MODULACIÓN GENÉTICA: una revisión narrativa de la literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61164/6c40y358Palabras clave:
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, Epigenómica, Metilación del ADN, Memoria EpigenéticaResumen
La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es una enfermedad metabólica multifactorial cuya incidencia crece como consecuencia de hábitos de vida inadecuados, como el sedentarismo, la alimentación hipercalórica y el estrés crónico. Además de los factores genéticos, estudios recientes evidencian el papel central de los mecanismos epigenéticos, metilación del ADN, modificaciones de histonas y regulación por ARN no codificantes, en la expresión génica asociada a la resistencia a la insulina y al desequilibrio metabólico. Considerando la relevancia del tema para la salud pública, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo discutir el impacto de los factores ambientales y del estilo de vida en la modulación epigenética del DM2. Se trata de una revisión narrativa de la literatura, realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, Web of Science y Scopus, sin restricción temporal, con inclusión de estudios publicados en inglés, portugués y español entre 2015 y 2025. Las evidencias señalan que las intervenciones en el estilo de vida, como una dieta equilibrada, la práctica regular de actividad física, el control del estrés y un sueño adecuado, pueden modular favorablemente el epigenoma, mejorando la sensibilidad a la insulina y reduciendo el riesgo de complicaciones metabólicas. La comprensión de estos mecanismos refuerza la importancia de estrategias preventivas basadas en hábitos saludables, capaces de revertir alteraciones epigenéticas deletéreas. Se concluye que la integración entre la epigenética y el estilo de vida representa un enfoque prometedor para la prevención y el manejo personalizado del DM2.
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