USE OF AYAHUASCA IN BRAZIL: AN ANALYSIS OF A DECADE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61164/ectfbd76Keywords:
Ayahuasca, Psychedelics, Mental health, Traditional medicine, BrazilAbstract
Ayahuasca is a psychoactive brew of Amazonian origin, traditionally used by Indigenous peoples and Brazilian-origin religious groups. Its composition combines plants rich in N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and β-carboline alkaloids. In recent decades, there has been growing scientific interest in its potential therapeutic effects, particularly in the field of mental health, as well as in its risks, ethical implications, and regulatory aspects. This study aimed to critically analyze the scientific literature published over the last ten years on the use of ayahuasca in Brazil. This is an integrative literature review conducted through searches in the PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, BIREME, and Google Scholar databases, including articles published in Portuguese and English between 2015 and 2025. A total of 46 articles were analyzed. The results indicate preliminary evidence of rapid antidepressant effects, possible benefits in substance use disorders, and neurobiological changes associated with the modulation of brain networks. However, physical and psychological risks, significant methodological limitations, and gaps in scientific knowledge were also identified. It is concluded that, despite its therapeutic potential, the use of ayahuasca requires caution, scientific rigor, and careful consideration of the sociocultural and ethical contexts involved.
Downloads
References
BARNES, A. et al. Indigenous knowledge and psychedelics. Social Science & Medicine, Oxford, v. 301, art. 114943, 2022.
BOUSO, J. C. et al. Adverse effects of ayahuasca: results from the Global Ayahuasca Survey. PLOS Global Public Health, San Francisco, v. 2, n. 11, e0000438, 2022.
BOUSO, J. C. et al. Long-term use of psychedelic drugs is associated with differences in brain structure and personality. European Neuropsychopharmacology, Amsterdam, v. 28, n. 3, p. 387–396, 2018.
BRASIL. Conselho Nacional de Políticas sobre Drogas. Relatório final do Grupo Multidisciplinar de Trabalho sobre a Ayahuasca. Brasília: CONAD, 2010.
CALLAWAY, J. C. et al. Pharmacokinetics of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Lausanne, v. 65, n. 3, p. 243–256, 1999.
CARBONARO, T. M.; GATCH, M. B. Neuropharmacology of N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, Oxford, v. 69, p. 196–204, 2016.
CARHART-HARRIS, R. L.; GOODWIN, G. M. The therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs: past, present, and future. Neuropsychopharmacology, London, v. 42, n. 11, p. 2105–2113, 2017.
CELIDWEN, Y. et al. Ethical psychedelic research: principles and practices. Nature Mental Health, London, v. 1, p. 1–9, 2023.
DAKIC, V. et al. Short-term effects of ayahuasca on brain networks. Human Brain Mapping, Hoboken, v. 38, n. 6, p. 3304–3316, 2017.
DOS SANTOS, R. G. et al. Ayahuasca and psychosis: a systematic review of human studies. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, London, v. 7, n. 4, p. 141–157, 2017.
DOS SANTOS, R. G. et al. Safety and tolerability of ayahuasca: a systematic review. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, London, v. 11, p. 1–20, 2021.
GALVÃO-COELHO, N. L. et al. Changes in cortisol levels after ayahuasca ingestion. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Oxford, v. 92, p. 87–95, 2018.
GALVÃO-COELHO, N. L. et al. Depression and ayahuasca: a pilot study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Lausanne, v. 11, art. 200, 2020.
GEARIN, A. K.; DEVENOT, N. Psychedelic commodification and the ethics of marketing consciousness. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, Budapest, v. 5, n. 1, p. 1–12, 2021.
HARTOGSOHN, I. Set and setting revisited: setting as a social and cultural construct. Journal of Psychopharmacology, London, v. 30, n. 12, p. 1259–1267, 2016.
JIMÉNEZ-GARRIDO, D. F. et al. Effects of ayahuasca on mental health and quality of life in naïve users. Scientific Reports, London, v. 10, art. 4075, 2020.
JOHNSON, M. W.; RICHARDS, W. A.; GRIFFITHS, R. R. Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety. Journal of Psychopharmacology, London, v. 22, n. 6, p. 603–620, 2008.
KIRMAYER, L. J. Rethinking cultural psychiatry. Transcultural Psychiatry, London, v. 49, n. 2, p. 149–164, 2012.
LABATE, B. C.; CAVNAR, C. Ayahuasca shamanism in the Amazon and beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
LABATE, B. C. et al. Ayahuasca religions in Brazil: cultural and legal perspectives. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, San Francisco, v. 48, n. 1, p. 1–9, 2016.
LANGDON, E. J. A doença como experiência: a construção da doença e seu enfrentamento. Florianópolis: UFSC, 2014.
LOIZAGA-VELDER, A.; VERRES, R. Therapeutic effects of ritual ayahuasca use. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, San Francisco, v. 46, n. 1, p. 63–72, 2014.
LUNA, L. E. Indigenous healing practices in Amazonia. Ethnos, London, v. 76, n. 3, p. 401–421, 2011.
MACRAE, E. Guiado pela Lua: xamanismo e uso ritual da ayahuasca no Brasil. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2018.
MCKENNA, D. J. Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Oxford, v. 102, n. 2, p. 111–129, 2004.
NICHOLS, D. E. Psychedelics. Pharmacological Reviews, Baltimore, v. 68, n. 2, p. 264–355, 2016.
NOE, M. et al. Serotonergic psychedelics: a comprehensive review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Oxford, v. 113, p. 179–189, 2020.
OSÓRIO, F. L. et al. Anxiety-related effects of ayahuasca. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Philadelphia, v. 35, n. 6, p. 676–681, 2015.
PALHANO-FONTES, F. et al. The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the default mode network. PLOS ONE, San Francisco, v. 10, n. 2, e0118143, 2015.
PALHANO-FONTES, F. et al. Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression. Psychological Medicine, Cambridge, v. 49, n. 4, p. 655–663, 2019.
PERKINS, D. et al. Challenging experiences with ayahuasca. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, Budapest, v. 5, n. 2, p. 1–14, 2021.
PERKINS, D. et al. Integration difficulties after ayahuasca use. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 13, art. 821457, 2022.
POLLAN, M. How to change your mind. New York: Penguin Press, 2018.
RENELLI, M. et al. Ayahuasca and addiction treatment: a qualitative study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, San Francisco, v. 50, n. 1, p. 47–56, 2018.
RIBA, J. et al. Subjective effects and tolerability of ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology, Berlin, v. 154, n. 1, p. 85–95, 2001.
RIBA, J. et al. Human pharmacology of ayahuasca. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Baltimore, v. 306, n. 1, p. 73–83, 2003.
ROSEMAN, L. et al. Quality of acute psychedelic experience predicts therapeutic outcome. Frontiers in Pharmacology, Lausanne, v. 8, art. 974, 2018.
SANCHES, R. F. et al. Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Philadelphia, v. 36, n. 1, p. 77–81, 2016.
STRASSMAN, R. DMT: the spirit molecule. Rochester: Park Street Press, 2014.
THOMAS, G.; LUCAS, P.; CAPLER, N. R. Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addiction. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, Sharjah, v. 6, n. 1, p. 30–42, 2013.
TUPPER, K. W. Ayahuasca globalization. Global Networks, Oxford, v. 9, n. 1, p. 117–136, 2009.
TUPPER, K. W.; LABATE, B. C. Regulation of ayahuasca. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, San Francisco, v. 46, n. 1, p. 1–11, 2014.
UTHAUG, M. V. et al. Ayahuasca and mental health outcomes. Psychopharmacology, Berlin, v. 235, n. 2, p. 449–460, 2018.
VIOL, A. et al. Brain connectivity after ayahuasca. NeuroImage, Amsterdam, v. 155, p. 207–215, 2017.
WINKELMAN, M. Psychedelics and healing. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, Sharjah, v. 7, n. 2, p. 101–116, 2014.
WRIGHT, R. Cosmology and healing. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcos Lorran Paranhos Leão, Estácio Amaro da Silva Júnior

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista;
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista, desde que adpatado ao template do repositório em questão;
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
- Os autores são responsáveis por inserir corretamente seus dados, incluindo nome, palavras-chave, resumos e demais informações, definindo assim a forma como desejam ser citados. Dessa forma, o corpo editorial da revista não se responsabiliza por eventuais erros ou inconsistências nesses registros.
POLÍTICA DE PRIVACIDADE
Os nomes e endereços informados nesta revista serão usados exclusivamente para os serviços prestados por esta publicação, não sendo disponibilizados para outras finalidades ou a terceiros.
Obs: todo o conteúdo do trabalho é de responsabilidade do autor e orientador.
