MODELING AND OPTIMIZING WATER DISTRIBUTION UNIFORMITY IN MICROSPRINKLER IRRIGATION VIA RESPONSE SURFACE AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/0tq2s573Keywords:
Irrigation Engineering; multivariate statistics; Hadar 7110; canonical analysis.Abstract
The efficiency of microsprinkler irrigation depends on water distribution uniformity, which is influenced by the interaction between operating pressure and spacing. This study aimed to model and optimize the hydraulic performance of the Hadar 7110 microsprinkler through the integration of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experiment was conducted under pressures ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 bar and areas from 9 to 36 m². PCA was employed to synthesize the Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) and the Distribution Uniformity Coefficient (DUC) into the first principal component (PC1), which accounted for the majority of the total variance. A second-order polynomial model was fitted to PC1, exhibiting a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.8134; p < 0.001). Response surface analysis identified a stationary point classified as a saddle point, located at the operational coordinates of 1.46 bar and 31.15 m². The nature of this point indicates that the optimal conditions for integrated uniformity do not occur in a central region of the domain, but rather at the experimental boundaries. The multivariate approach proved to be a robust tool for simplifying performance analysis, identifying that uniformity is maximized under combinations of high pressures with larger areas, or moderate pressures with smaller areas per emitter. These results provide technical support for the design and strategic management of microsprinkler irrigation systems.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Alisson Macendo Amaral, Maria Ângela Cruz Macêdo dos Santos, José Alberto Alves de Souza, Alberto Luiz Ferreira Berto, Maria Josiane Martins

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