ADSORPTION OF Zn2+ BY FUNCTIONALIZED RICE HUSKS IN A FIXED-BED COLUMN: DESIGN PARAMETERS AND KINETIC MODELING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/y1333s58Palavras-chave:
Metais pesados, Resíduos agroindustriais, Sistema contínuo, Tratamento de águas residuaisResumo
In this study, rice husks functionalized with H3PO4 and NaOH (FRH) were evaluated as an adsorbent for the removal of Zn2+ ions in a continuous system. Breakthrough curves were obtained at different bed heights (5, 10, and 15 cm, at 5 meq L-1) and initial metal concentrations (3, 4, and 5 meq L-1, at 15 cm), from which column sizing and kinetic modeling were performed. As a result, increasing the metal load in the system’s feed solution reduced the bed’s saturation time (ts,u), while increasing the adsorbent height prolonged this parameter’s value. Efficiencies of 69.44% and 68.87% were obtained for the 15 cm at 3 meq L-1 and 10 cm at 5 meq L-1 configurations, respectively. The modified dose-response model (MDR) provided the best fit for most of the evaluated conditions, yielding a qMDR of 1.22 meq g-1 for the 5 cm bed at 5 meq L-1. Surface characterization revealed the presence of functional groups responsible for the affinity of FRH toward Zn2+ ions, while electrochemical and metal speciation analyses indicated pH 5 as the most favorable condition for conducting the tests. Thus, the FRH adsorbent demonstrated satisfactory performance in the removal of Zn2+ under continuous-flow conditions, highlighting not only the use of a low-cost agro-industrial waste as raw material but also for the integration of experimental research, kinetic modeling, and fixed-bed column sizing, aspects essential for obtaining useful parameters for design from the laboratory to industrial applications. Therefore, the material’s potential for use in continuous treatment systems for effluents containing heavy metals was demonstrated, contributing to the development of technically viable adsorption technologies applicable on a full-scale basis.
Downloads
Referências
ABADI, MH Shahrokh et al. Effects of annealing temperature on infrared spectra of SiO2 extracted from rice husk. J Ceram Sci Technol, v. 6, n. 1, p. 41-46, 2015.
ABDALLAH, Maha M. et al. Batch and continuous systems for Zn, Cu, and Pb metal ions adsorption on spent mushroom compost biochar. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, v. 58, n. 17, p. 7296-7307, 2019.
ACHEAMPONG, Mike A. et al. Removal of Cu (II) by biosorption onto coconut shell in fixed-bed column systems. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, v. 19, n. 3, p. 841-848, 2013.
ADANE, Teshale et al. Textile industry effluent treatment techniques. Journal of Chemistry, v. 2021, p. 1-14, 2021.
AGBOZU, I. E.; EMORUWA, F. O. Batch adsorption of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, Cr and Cd) from aqueous solutions using coconut husk. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, v. 8, n. 4, p. 239-246, 2014.
AHMARUZZAMAN, M.; GUPTA, Vinod K. Rice husk and its ash as low-cost adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, v. 50, n. 24, p. 13589-13613, 2011.
AHMED, M. J.; HAMEED, B. H. Removal of emerging pharmaceutical contaminants by adsorption in a fixed-bed column: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 149, p. 257-266, 2018.
AICHOUR, Amina et al. Low-cost, biodegradable and highly effective adsorbents for batch and column fixed bed adsorption processes of methylene blue. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 7, n. 5, p. 103409, 2019.
ALALWAN, Hayder A. et al. Adsorption of thallium ion (Ti+3) from aqueous solutions by rice husk in a fixed-bed column: experiment and prediction of breakthrough curves. Environmental Technology & Innovation, v. 12, p. 1-13, 2018.
ALSHAHATEET, Solhe. Photocatalytic efficiency of titanium dioxide for dyes and heavy metals removal from wastewater. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 2022.
AMUNDSON, Neal R. A note on the mathematics of adsorption in beds. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, v. 52, n. 7, p. 1153-1157, 1948.
ANSEAU, Michel R. et al. Interactions of silicate ions with zinc (II) and aluminum (III) in alkaline aqueous solution. Inorganic Chemistry, v. 44, n. 22, p. 8023-8032, 2005.
ARENA, Noemi et al. Life Cycle Assessment of activated carbon production from coconut shells. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 125, p. 68-77, 2016.
ARJMANDI, Reza et al. Rice husk filled polymer composites. International Journal of Polymer Science, v. 2015, 2015.
ARMYNAH, Bidayatul et al. Analysis of chemical and physical properties of biochar from rice husk biomass. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 2018. p. 012038.
BANERJEE, Munmun et al. Cu (II) removal using green adsorbents: kinetic modeling and plant scale-up design. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 26, n. 12, p. 11542-11557, 2019.
BARAL, S. S. et al. Removal of Cr (VI) by thermally activated weed Salvinia cucullata in a fixed-bed column. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 161, n. 2-3, p. 1427-1435, 2009.
BARQUILHA, C. E. R. et al. Biosorption of nickel (II) and copper (II) ions in batch and fixed-bed columns by free and immobilized marine algae Sargassum sp. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 150, p. 58-64, 2017.
BAZRAFSHAN, Edris et al. Heavy metals removal from aqueous environments by electrocoagulation process–a systematic review. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, v. 13, n. 1, p. 74, 2015.
BEIG, Sajad Ur Rehman; SHAH, Shakeel A. Adsorption of Cr (VI) by NaOH-modified microporous activated carbons derived from the wastes of Amaranthus retroflexus, Magnolia soulangeana, and Tanacetum Vulgar L.: mechanism, isotherms, and kinetic studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 30, n. 13, p. 35808-35837, 2023.
BHATTACHARYA, A. K. et al. Adsorption of Zn (II) from aqueous solution by using different adsorbents. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 123, n. 1-2, p. 43-51, 2006.
BOHART, G. S.; ADAMS, E. Q. Some aspects of the behavior of charcoal with respect to chlorine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 42, n. 3, p. 523-544, 1920.
BONSIGNORE, Maria et al. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish, crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms from the Tuscany coast. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 162, p. 554-562, 2018.
BORBA, Carlos Eduardo et al. Prediction of the copper (II) ions dynamic removal from a medium by using mathematical models with analytical solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 152, n. 1, p. 366-372, 2008.
BROADLEY, Martin R. et al. Zinc in plants. New Phytologist, v. 173, n. 4, p. 677-702, 2007.
CD, Midhun Dominic et al. Synthesis, characterization and application of rice husk nanosilica in natural rubber. IJST, v. 2, n. 4, p. 1027-1035, 2013.
CHAI, Wai Siong et al. A review on conventional and novel materials towards heavy metal adsorption in wastewater treatment application. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 296, p. 126589, 2021.
CHAKRABORTY, Sagnik et al. Adsorption of crystal violet from aqueous solution onto NaOH-modified rice husk. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 86, n. 4, p. 1533-1541, 2011.
CHAUDHARI, Prabha R. et al. Rice nutritional and medicinal properties: a review article. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, v. 7, n. 2, p. 150-156, 2018.
CHU, Khim Hoong. Fixed bed adsorption of water contaminants: a cautionary guide to simple analytical models and modeling misconceptions. Separation & Purification Reviews, v. 52, n. 2, p. 75-97, 2023.
CLARK, Robert M. Evaluating the cost and performance of field-scale granular activated carbon systems. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 21, n. 6, p. 573-580, 1987.
CLOQUET, Christophe et al. Variation in the isotopic composition of zinc in the natural environment and the use of zinc isotopes in biogeosciences: a review. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, v. 390, p. 451-463, 2008.
CREN, Érika C. et al. Breakthrough curves for oleic acid removal from ethanolic solutions using a strong anion exchange resin. Separation and Purification Technology, v. 69, n. 1, p. 1-6, 2009.
DA SILVA, Edson Antonio et al. Modeling of copper (II) biosorption by marine alga Sargassum sp. in fixed-bed column. Process Biochemistry, v. 38, n. 5, p. 791-799, 2002.
DABBAGH, Reza et al. Removal of zinc (II) from synthetic effluent using seaweeds: a review of modeling of fixed-bed columns. Desalination and Water Treatment, v. 57, n. 51, p. 24509-24518, 2016.
DAFFALLA, Samah B. et al. Characterization of adsorbent developed from rice husk: effect of surface functional group on phenol adsorption. J. Appl. Sci, v. 10, n. 12, p. 1060-1067, 2010.
DAS, Shaon Kumar. Agro-waste based biomass residues valorization for effective adsorption of heavy metal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 196, n. 11, p. 1058, 2024.
DAVRANCHE, Mélanie et al. An easy determination of the surface chemical properties of simple and natural solids. Journal of Chemical Education, v. 80, n. 1, p. 76, 2003.
DE FREITAS, Emanuelle Dantas et al. Binary adsorption of zinc and copper on expanded vermiculite using a fixed bed column. Applied Clay Science, v. 146, p. 503-509, 2017.
DIN, Salah Ud et al. Enhancing arsenic removal using Cu-infused biochar: Unravelling the influence of pH, temperature and kinetics. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, v. 203, p. 368-377, 2024.
DO NASCIMENTO, Cleuciane Tillvitz et al. Adsorption of atrazine from aqueous systems on chemically activated biochar produced from corn straw. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 10, n. 1, p. 107039, 2022.
EL-SHAFEY O. I. et al. Adsorption of Pb ions onto natural and modified egyptian rice husk: kinetic and isotherm equilibrium studies. Environ. Sci. Ind. J., v. 12, n. 9, p.113, 2016.
FAGUNDES-KLEN, Márcia Regina et al. Copper biosorption by biomass of marine alga: Study of equilibrium and kinetics in batch system and adsorption/desorption cycles in fixed bed column. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 213, n. 1, p. 15-26, 2010.
FARAJ, Samara Saad et al. Simulate permeable reactive barrier by using a COMSOL model and comparison with the Thomas, Yoon–Nelson and Clark models for CR dye remediation by composite adsorbent (sewage and waterworks sludge). Water Science and Technology, v. 82, n. 12, p. 2902-2919, 2020.
FATHY, Nady A. et al. Effectiveness of Alkali‐Acid Treatment in Enhancement the Adsorption Capacity for Rice Straw: The Removal of Methylene Blue Dye. International Scholarly Research Notices, v. 2013, n. 1, p. 208087, 2013.
FUTALAN, Cybelle Morales; WAN, Meng-Wei. Fixed-bed adsorption of lead from aqueous solution using chitosan-coated bentonite. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 19, n. 5, p. 2597, 2022.
GENIEVA, S. D. et al. Characterization of rice husks and the products of its thermal degradation in air or nitrogen atmosphere. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, v. 93, p. 387-396, 2008.
GEORGAKOPOULOS, Andreas. Study of low rank Greek coals using FTIR spectroscopy. Energy Sources, v. 25, n. 10, p. 995-1005, 2003.
GÎLCĂ, Emilia et al. Kinetics analysis of zinc sorption in fixed bed column using a strongly basic anionic exchange resin. Water Science and Technology, v. 71, n. 11, p. 1646-1653, 2015.
GUPTA, Anirudh; GARG, Anurag. Adsorption and oxidation of ciprofloxacin in a fixed bed column using activated sludge derived activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 250, p. 109474, 2019.
HAMDAOUI, Oualid. Dynamic sorption of methylene blue by cedar sawdust and crushed brick in fixed bed columns. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 138, n. 2, p. 293-303, 2006.
HAMIDU, L. A. J. et al. Fourier transform infrared analysis of sawdust and rice husks waste: a raw material for eco-friendly composite production. Saudi J. Eng. Technol, v. 5, p. 343-350, 2020.
HANBALI, Mohammad et al. Remediation of lead by pretreated red algae: adsorption isotherm, kinetic, column modeling and simulation studies. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, v. 7, n. 4, p. 342-358, 2014.
HANEN, Nouri; ABDELMOTTALEB, Ouederni. Modeling of the dynamics adsorption of phenol from an aqueous solution on activated carbon produced from olive stones. Journal of Chemical Engineering & Process Technology, v. 4, n. 3, 2013.
HU, Qili et al. A critical review of breakthrough models with analytical solutions in a fixed-bed column. Journal of Water Process Engineering, v. 59, p. 105065, 2024.
HU, Qili et al. Development of fractal-like Clark model in a fixed-bed column. Separation and Purification Technology, v. 251, p. 117396, 2020.
HU, Qili et al. Fractal-like kinetics of adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces in the fixed-bed column. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 358, p. 1471-1478, 2019.
HUTCHINS, Roy A. New method simplifies design of activated carbon systems. Chem. Eng., v. 80, p. 133-138, 1973.
IGWEGBE, Chinenye Adaobi et al. Environmental protection by the adsorptive elimination of acetaminophen from water: a comprehensive review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, v. 104, p. 117-135, 2021.
JANG, Jiseon; LEE, Dae Sung. Enhanced adsorption of cesium on PVA-alginate encapsulated Prussian blue-graphene oxide hydrogel beads in a fixed-bed column system. Bioresource Technology, v. 218, p. 294-300, 2016.
JUCHEN, Patricia Trevisani et al. Biosorption of dye by malt bagasse in a fixed-bed column: Experimental and theoretical breakthrough curves. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 232, n. 4, p. 128, 2021.
KAHLON, Sharanjeet Kaur et al. Impact of heavy metals and nanoparticles on aquatic biota. Environmental Chemistry Letters, v. 16, p. 919-946, 2018.
KALAVATHY, Helen et al. Removal and recovery of Ni and Zn from aqueous solution using activated carbon from Hevea brasiliensis: batch and column studies. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, v. 78, n. 2, p. 291-302, 2010.
KAMOLPORNWIJIT, W. et al. Preferential flow path development and its influence on long-term PRB performance: column study. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 66, n. 3-4, p. 161-178, 2003.
KANU, Ijeoma et al. Industrial effluents and their impact on water quality of receiving rivers in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, v. 1, n. 1, p. 75-86, 2011.
KAPUR, Meghna; MONDAL, Monoj Kumar. Design and model parameters estimation for fixed–bed column adsorption of Cu (II) and Ni (II) ions using magnetized saw dust. Desalination and Water Treatment, v. 57, n. 26, p. 12192-12203, 2016.
KARIM, Ahasanul et al. Valorization of fibrous plant-based food waste as biosorbents for remediation of heavy metals from wastewater - A review. Molecules, v. 28, n. 10, p. 4205, 2023.
KHALFA, Leila et al. A calcined clay fixed bed adsorption studies for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 278, p. 123935, 2021.
KHAMSEH, Ali Gh; GHORBANIAN, Sohrab Ali. Experimental and modeling investigation of thorium biosorption by orange peel in a continuous fixed-bed column. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, v. 317, n. 2, p. 871-879, 2018.
KNOX, James C. et al. Limitations of breakthrough curve analysis in fixed-bed adsorption. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, v. 55, n. 16, p. 4734-4748, 2016.
KUMAR, S. et al. Utilization of rice husk and their ash: a review. Res. J. Chem. Env. Sci., v. 1, n. 5, p. 126-129, 2013.
KUMARI, Usha et al. Effective defluoridation of industrial wastewater by using acid modified alumina in fixed-bed adsorption column: experimental and breakthrough curves analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 279, p. 123645, 2021.
KURNIAWAN, Tonni Agustiono et al. Comparisons of low-cost adsorbents for treating wastewaters laden with heavy metals. Science of the Total Environment, v. 366, n. 2-3, p. 409-426, 2006.
LANDI, Simone et al. Poaceae vs. abiotic stress: focus on drought and salt stress, recent insights and perspectives. Frontiers in Plant Science, v. 8, 261997 p., 2017.
LI, Peiyue et al. Sources and consequences of groundwater contamination. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 80, p. 1-10, 2021.
LI, Tingqiang et al. Rhizosphere characteristics of zinc hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii involved in zinc accumulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 185, n. 2-3, p. 818-823, 2011.
LUGO-ARIAS, José et al. Removal of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions using bioadsorbents derived from agro-industrial wastes of rice husk and corn stalk. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, p. 1-23, 2025.
MA, Jie et al. Waste peanut shell modified with polyethyleneimine for enhancement of hexavalent chromium removal from solution in batch and column modes. Bioresource Technology Reports, v. 12, p. 100576, 2020.
MADEJOVÁ, J. J. V. S. FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies. Vibrational Spectroscopy, v. 31, n. 1, p. 1-10, 2003.
MAHDI, Zainab et al. Removal of lead (II) from aqueous solution using date seed-derived biochar: batch and column studies. Applied Water Science, v. 8, n. 6, p. 181, 2018.
MALIK, Davendra Singh et al. Heavy metal removal by fixed‐bed column–a review. ChemBioEng Reviews, v. 5, n. 3, p. 173-179, 2018.
MANNINEN, Mikael et al. Zn (II) removal from wastewater by an alkali-activated material prepared from steel industry slags: optimization and modelling of a fixed-bed process. Environmental Technology, v. 45, n. 13, p. 2519-2530, 2024.
MESTRI, Safal et al. Bromate removal from water using ion exchange resin: batch and fixed bed column performance. Ozone: Science & Engineering, v. 45, n. 3, p. 291-304, 2023.
MÓDENES, Aparecido Nivaldo et al. Study of the involved sorption mechanisms of Cr (VI) and Cr (III) species onto dried Salvinia auriculata biomass. Chemosphere, v. 172, p. 373-383, 2017.
MOHD BASRI, Mohd Salahuddin et al. Rice husk ash-based geopolymer binder: Compressive strength, optimize composition, FTIR spectroscopy, microstructural, and potential as fire-retardant material. Polymers, v. 13, n. 24, p. 4373, 2021.
MOHSEN, Huda A.; GHANIM, Alaa N. Efficient Removal of Zinc and Copper from Wastewater Using Activated Carbon Derived from Date Pits in a Continuous Fixed-Bed Column. Journal of Composite & Advanced Materials/Revue des Composites et des Matériaux Avancés, v. 34, n. 2, 2024.
NAKBANPOTE, Woranan et al. Copper adsorption on rice husk derived materials studied by EPR and FTIR. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 304, n. 1-3, p. 7-13, 2007.
NANDIYANTO, Asep Bayu Dan et al. How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, v. 4, n. 1, p. 97-118, 2019.
NAREN, Gaowa et al. Formation of a silicato complex of zinc in aqueous solution and its accelerating effect on the formation of silica scales in cooling water systems. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, v. 353, n. 1, p. 331-334, 2011.
NELSON, Joey et al. Effects of nano-confinement on Zn (II) adsorption to nanoporous silica. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 240, p. 80-97, 2018.
NIZAM, Nurul Umairah M. et al. Effective adsorptive removal of dyes and heavy metal using graphene oxide based Pre-treated with NaOH/H2SO4 rubber seed shells synthetic graphite Precursor: Equilibrium Isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic studies. Separation and Purification Technology, v. 289, p. 120730, 2022.
NOURMOHAMMADI DEHBALAEI, Fereshteh et al. Green walnut husk and pomegranate peel for nickel removals from industrial wastewater by absorption process: batch and column experiments. Applied Water Science, v. 15, n. 8, p. 1-21, 2025.
ORDONEZ, Diana et al. Green sorption media for the removal of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from water. Science of the Total Environment, v. 819, p. 152886, 2022.
OULDMOUMNA, Aoumria et al. Characterization and application of three novel biosorbents “Eucalyptus globulus, Cynara cardunculus, and Prunus cerasefera” to dye removal. Desalination and Water Treatment, v. 51, n. 16-18, p. 3527-3538, 2013.
OYERINDE, A. Y.; BELLO, E. I. Use of fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for analysis of functional groups in peanut oil biodiesel and its blends. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, v. 13, n. 3, p. 1-14, 2016.
PAI, Chih-Wei et al. Occurrences of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the drinking water of Taiwan and their removal in conventional water treatment processes. Chemosphere, v. 256, p. 127002, 2020.
PAKSHIRAJAN, K.; SWAMINATHAN, T. Continuous biosorption of Pb, Cu, and Cd by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a packed column reactor. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, v. 15, n. 2, p. 187-197, 2006.
PAN, Yanan; ZHANG, Wencai. Enhanced continuous lithium extraction using self-designed porous nanosorbent fibers in a fixed-bed system: Optimization and mechanistic insights. Desalination, v. 593, p. 118223, 2025.
PARK, Ji Yeon et al. Pilot-scale continuous biogenic silica extraction from rice husk by one-pot alkali hydrothermal treatment and ball milling. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, v. 10, n. 1, p. 102, 2023.
PATEL, Himanshu. Batch and continuous fixed bed adsorption of heavy metals removal using activated charcoal from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder. Scientific Reports, v. 10, n. 1, p. 16895, 2020.
PATEL, Himanshu. Fixed-bed column adsorption study: a comprehensive review. Applied Water Science, v. 9, n. 3, p. 45, 2019.
PEREIRA, Milton Rogério et al. Chromium adsorption in olive stone activated carbon. Adsorption, v. 12, n. 2, p. 155-162, 2006.
PIETROBELLI, Juliana MT de A. et al. Cadmium, copper and zinc biosorption study by non-living Egeria densa biomass. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v. 202, n. 1, p. 385-392, 2009.
POLITI, Dororthea; SIDIRAS, Dimitrios. Modified spruce sawdust for sorption of hexavalent chromium in batch systems and fixed-bed columns. Molecules, v. 25, n. 21, p. 5156, 2020.
PURWANINGSIH, Sri Yani et al. Simultaneous synthesis of silica polymorphs and activated carbon from rice husk. Silicon, p. 1-10, 2024.
RENU et al. Continuous fixed-bed adsorption of heavy metals using biodegradable adsorbent: modeling and experimental study. Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 146, n. 2, p. 04019110, 2020.
SAITO, Keisuke et al. Correlation between C═O Stretching Vibrational Frequency and p Ka Shift of Carboxylic Acids. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, v. 126, n. 27, p. 4999-5006, 2022.
SALEH, Tawfik A. et al. Water treatment technologies in removing heavy metal ions from wastewater: A review. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, v. 17, p. 100617, 2022.
SARAVANAKUMAR, Krishnan et al. Continuous removal of cadmium and lead ions by biochar derived from date seeds in a packed column reactor. Desalination and Water Treatment, v. 250, p. 126-135, 2022.
SARMA, P. J. et al. Batch and Continuous Removal of Copper and Lead from Aqueous Solution using Cheaply Available Agricultural Waste Materials. International Journal of Environmental Research, v. 9, n. 2, 2015.
SAUDI, H. et al. Utilization of pure silica extracted from rice husk and FTIR structural analysis of the prepared glasses. Semiconductors, v. 24, p. 25, 2015.
SCHEUFELE, Fabiano Bisinella et al. Monolayer-multilayer adsorption phenomenological model: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics. Chemical Engineering Journal, v. 284, p. 1328-1341, 2016.
SCHNEIDER, Lara Talita et al. Soybean hulls activated carbon for metronidazole adsorption: Thermochemical conditions optimization for tailored and enhanced meso/microporosity. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, v. 177, p. 106339, 2024.
SHANMUGAM, Devi et al. Bench-scale packed bed sorption of Cibacron blue F3GA using lucrative algal biomass. Alexandria Engineering Journal, v. 55, n. 3, p. 2995-3003, 2016.
SHEBL, Magdy et al. New non-toxic transition metal nanocomplexes and Zn complex-silica xerogel nanohybrid: Synthesis, spectral studies, antibacterial, and antitumor activities. Journal of Molecular Structure, v. 1118, p. 335-343, 2016.
SONG, Jiyun et al. Adsorption characteristics of methylene blue by peanut husk in batch and column modes. Desalination, v. 265, n. 1-3, p. 119-125, 2011.
STUMM, W. Chemistry of the solid-water interface. New York: Wiley, 1992. 448 p.
SULAYMON, Abbas H.; AHMED, Kawther W. Competitive adsorption of furfural and phenolic compounds onto activated carbon in fixed bed column. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 42, n. 2, p. 392-397, 2008.
SYUHADAH, Noor et al. Rice husk as biosorbent: a review. Health Environ. J., v. 3, n. 1, p. 89-95, 2012.
TAHERI, E. S. et al. Investigation of hydrodynamic parameters in a novel expanded bed configuration: local axial dispersion characterization and an empirical correlation study. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, v. 29, p. 725-739, 2012.
TAKA, Anny Leudjo et al. Chitosan nanocomposites for water treatment by fixed-bed continuous flow column adsorption: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers, v. 255, p. 117398, 2021.
TATY-COSTODES, V. Christian et al. Removal of lead (II) ions from synthetic and real effluents using immobilized Pinus sylvestris sawdust: Adsorption on a fixed-bed column. Journal of hazardous materials, v. 123, n. 1-3, p. 135-144, 2005.
TCHOUNWOU, Paul B. et al. Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Volume 3: Environmental Toxicology, p. 133-164, 2012.
THOMAS, Henry C. Heterogeneous ion exchange in a flowing system. Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 66, n. 10, p. 1664-1666, 1944.
TSONEV, Tsonko; CEBOLA LIDON, Fernando Jose. Zinc in plants-an overview. Emirates Journal of Food & Agriculture (EJFA), v. 24, n. 4, 2012.
VALVERDE, Abel; GRIFFITHS, Ian M. The role of adsorbent microstructure and its packing arrangement in optimising the performance of an adsorption column. Discover Chemical Engineering, v. 4, n. 1, p. 27, 2024.
VAREDA, João et al. Assessment of heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic activities and remediation strategies: a review. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 246, p. 101-118, 2019.
VÁZQUEZ, Gonzalo et al. Chestnut shell as heavy metal adsorbent: optimization study of lead, copper and zinc cations removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 172, n. 2-3, p. 1402-1414, 2009.
VEIT, Márcia Teresinha et al. Biosorption of nickel (II) ions by using chemically pre-treated Sargassum filipendula biomass in a fixed bed column. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, v. 25, n. 10, p. 1849-1856, 2009.
VIEIRA, M. G. A. et al. Adsorption of lead and copper ions from aqueous effluents on rice husk ash in a dynamic system. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, v. 31, p. 519-529, 2014.
VIOTTI, Paolo et al. Biochar as alternative material for heavy metal adsorption from groundwaters: lab-scale (column) experiment review. Materials, v. 17, n. 4, p. 809, 2024.
WANG, S. et al. Study on the synergistic co-pyrolysis behaviors of mixed rice husk and two types of seaweed by a combined TG-FTIR technique. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, v. 114, p. 109-118, 2015.
WANG, Wenqing et al. Adsorption of chromium (VI) by strong alkaline anion exchange fiber in a fixed-bed column: experiments and models fitting and evaluating. Separation and Purification Technology, v. 149, p. 16-23, 2015.
WANG, Xiangtao et al. Nanomaterials as sorbents to remove heavy metal ions in wastewater treatment. J. Environ. Anal. Toxicol, v. 2, n. 7, p. 154-158, 2012.
WANG, Yu et al. Guideline for modeling solid-liquid adsorption: kinetics, isotherm, fixed bed, and thermodynamics. Chemosphere, v. 349, 140736 p., 2024.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. 4ª ed. Geneva: WHO Press, 2011. 541 p.
XU, Zhe et al. Mathematically modeling fixed-bed adsorption in aqueous systems. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A, v. 14, n. 3, p. 155-176, 2013.
YAGUB, Mustafa T. et al. Fixed-bed dynamic column adsorption study of methylene blue (MB) onto pine cone. Desalination and Water Treatment, v. 55, n. 4, p. 1026-1039, 2015.
YAN, Guangyu et al., Min. A new model for heavy metal removal in a biosorption column. Adsorption Science & Technology, v. 19, n. 1, p. 25-43, 2001.
YOGESHWARAN, V.; PRIYA, A. K. Experimental studies on the removal of heavy metal ion concentration using sugarcane bagasse in batch adsorption process. Desalination and Water Treatment, v. 224, p. 256-272, 2021.
YOON, Young Hee; NELSON, James H. Application of gas adsorption kinetics I. A theoretical model for respirator cartridge service life. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, v. 45, n. 8, p. 509-516, 1984.
YU, Long Ying et al. Synthesis and characterization of silica by sol-gel method. Advanced Materials Research, v. 1030, p. 189-192, 2014.
YUN, Jun-Xian et al. Variation of the axial dispersion along the bed height for adsorbents with a density difference and a log-normal size distribution in an expanded bed. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, v. 43, n. 25, p. 8066-8073, 2004.
YUNUS, Muhammad Arham. Extraction cellulose from rice husk. Journal Akta Kimia Indonesia (Indonesia Chimica Acta), p. 79-83, 2019.
ZENG, Guangyong et al. Novel polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiltration membrane blended with functionalized halloysite nanotubes for dye and heavy metal ions removal. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 317, p. 60-72, 2016.
ZENG, Zhen et al. The model and mechanism of adsorptive technologies for wastewater containing fluoride: a review. Chemosphere, v. 340, p. 139808, 2023.
ZHANG, Ying et al. Characterization of H3PO4‐treated rice husk adsorbent and adsorption of copper (II) from aqueous solution. BioMed Research International, v. 2014, n. 1, p. 496878, 2014.
ZHAO, Binglu et al. Adsorption of Congo red from solution using cationic surfactant modified wheat straw in column model. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 2, n. 1, p. 40-45, 2014.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Thamires Mirian Zanelatto, Plínio Ribeiro Fajardo Campos, Veronice Slusarski-Santana, Leila Denise Fiorentin-Ferrari, Edson Antonio da Silva, Fernando Palú
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista;
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista, desde que adpatado ao template do repositório em questão;
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
- Os autores são responsáveis por inserir corretamente seus dados, incluindo nome, palavras-chave, resumos e demais informações, definindo assim a forma como desejam ser citados. Dessa forma, o corpo editorial da revista não se responsabiliza por eventuais erros ou inconsistências nesses registros.
POLÍTICA DE PRIVACIDADE
Os nomes e endereços informados nesta revista serão usados exclusivamente para os serviços prestados por esta publicação, não sendo disponibilizados para outras finalidades ou a terceiros.
Obs: todo o conteúdo do trabalho é de responsabilidade do autor e orientador.
