EFECTOS DEL NEUROFEEDBACK EN EL RENDIMIENTO COGNITIVO EN ADULTOS MAYORES: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/52vj6z02Palabras clave:
Neurofeedback, eeg, Adultos mayores, Cognición, Entrenamiento cognitivoResumen
Con el envejecimiento de la población mundial, aumenta la demanda de intervenciones destinadas a combatir el deterioro cognitivo. El neurofeedback (NFB), una técnica no invasiva de entrenamiento cerebral, ha mostrado potencial para mejorar las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del NFB en la cognición de personas mayores. El estudio siguió las directrices PRISMA y utilizó la estrategia PICO para estructurar la pregunta de investigación. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, incluyendo artículos publicados entre 2014 y 2024. El riesgo de sesgo fue evaluado mediante las herramientas Cochrane RoB 2 y ROBINS-I. De los 452 estudios identificados inicialmente, 12 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La mayoría de los estudios (75%) incluyó adultos mayores sanos, y el 58% se centró exclusivamente en esta población. Además, el 42% de las investigaciones incluyó participantes con condiciones clínicas como enfermedad de Alzheimer, amnesia, accidente cerebrovascular o tumores malignos. El entrenamiento con neurofeedback basado en el Ritmo Sensorimotor (SMR) mostró beneficios en la memoria de trabajo y en la memoria verbal en adultos mayores sanos, mientras que los pacientes post-accidente cerebrovascular presentaron una mejora significativa en el Mini Examen del Estado Mental tras las intervenciones con NFB. Los protocolos enfocados en ondas alfa favorecieron mejoras en la memoria episódica, la atención y la velocidad de procesamiento cognitivo. Sin embargo, en personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer, el NFB contribuyó a estabilizar el deterioro cognitivo, sin promover mejoras significativas. Los hallazgos sugieren que el NFB tiene potencial terapéutico para optimizar el rendimiento cognitivo en adultos mayores, especialmente en dominios como la memoria y la atención. No obstante, la heterogeneidad entre los estudios, incluyendo variaciones en los protocolos de NFB y en las características de las poblaciones evaluadas, limita la generalización de los resultados.
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