ANALYSIS OF THE TRUE STRAIN OF CONVENTIONAL SAE1010 STEEL IN THE AIR BENDING PROCESS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/m4ev7706Keywords:
True Strain, air bending process, SAE1010 conventional steel.Abstract
Determining the True Strain in the air bending process is of fundamental importance for predicting possible failures in the bent region of the formed part. Among steels classified as conventional, SAE1010 is used in the manufacture of parts for a wide variety of market segments. This study aims to evaluate mathematical equations for calculating the True Strain in the outer fibers of the bending region that occur in the air bending process for this steel and compare them with the results of scientific work obtained for AHSS S900MC steel, through analytical calculation methods and computer simulation, comparing them with results obtained through experimental analyses. Four punches were used, varying for each one the distance between the die supports and the punch displacement. It was verified through experimental analysis that the measured values of True Strain are different in the outer fibers of the bending region. However, it was found that the values obtained through analytical calculation methods for conventional SAE1010 steel are the same as those verified for AHSS S900MC steel, despite the materials having peculiar mechanical properties. The predictability, through the analytical method, in relation to the experimental values of the True Strain for conventional SAE1010 steel ranged from -25.7% to 8.3%.
Downloads
References
AERENS, R.; MASSELIS, S. Air bending. Scientific and Technical Research Center of the Metal Fabrication Industry (CRIF/WTCM/SIRRIS) MC 110, Leuven, Belgium, 2000.
ALMEIDA, I. Análise numérica e experimental da conformabilidade do aço SAE 1010 em chapas finas sem e com galvanização (gi-85). Dissertação de mestrado em engenharia mecânica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2021.
ALTAN, T.; TEKKAYA, A. Erman. Sheet Metal Forming: Fundamentals. Materials Park: ASM International, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.smff.9781627083164
AROLA, A-M.; KESTI, V.; RUOPPA, R. The effect of punch radius on the deformation of ultra-high strength steel in bending. Key Eng Mater 639: p. 139-146. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.639.139
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. ABNT NBR ISO 7438: Materiais metálicos - Ensaio de dobramento. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2022.
BOSSLE, V. de S.; SCHAEFFER, L.; RIFFEL, H. M.; ROCHA, R. P.; CHIARELLO, D.; TONIOLO, J. C. Análise do retorno elástico no processo de dobramento em V livre do aço SAE1010. Revista Derecho y Cambio Social. V. 22, n. 81, p. 01-15, 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54899/dcs.v22i81.3177
BOSSLE, V. de S.; SCHAEFFER, L.; RIFFEL, H. M.; ROCHA, R. P.; TONIOLO, J. C. Análise do Processo de Dobramento dos aços HSLA S700MC e AHSS S900MC. Revista Multidisciplinar do Nordeste Mineiro. V. 01-03, p. 01-24, 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61164/7da3gw86
ÇAPAR, Y. Engineering Stress/Strain vs True Stress/Strain. URL https://yasincapar.com/engineering-stress-strain-vs-true-stress-strain/ – Access date 15.01.2026.
FARSI, M. A.; AREZOO, B. Bending Force and Spring-Back in V-Die-Bending of Perforated Sheet-Metal Components. Technical Papers • J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. & Eng. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782011000100007
FOLLE, L. F.; et al. Escolha do Lubrificante Correto Torna Mais Precisa a Curva-limite de Conformação. Corte e Conformação de Metais. p. 64 - 76, 2008.
FU, Z.; MO, J.; CHEN, L.; CHEN, W. Using genetic algorithm-back propagation neural network prediction and finite-element model simulation to optimize the process of multiple-step incremental air-bending forming of sheet metal. Mater Des 31 (1):267-277, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.019
HOSFORD, W.; CADDELL, R. Metal Forming Mechanics and Metallurgy. 4ª Ed., New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 30-37. 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976940
KLUGE, S. Prozesse der Blechumformung: Bauteil-, Werkzeug- und Fertigungsgestaltung im Karosseriebau. Munique. Carl Hanser Verlag, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3139/9783446460713.fm
LANGE, K. Handbook of metal forming. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, US, p. 723-755. 1985.
LEDENTSOY, D.; DÜSTER, A.; VOLK, W.; WAGNER, M.; HEINLE, I.; RANK, E. Model adaptivity for industrial application of sheet metal forming simulation. Finite Elem Anal Des 46 (7):585-600, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finel.2010.02.006
LIVATYALI, H.; ALTAN, T. “Prediction and elimination of Springback in straight flanging using computer aided design methods: Part 1”. Experimental Investigations. J. of Mat. Proc. Tech., Vol. 117(1-2), p. 262–268. 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)01164-5
MITHU, M. A. H.; MOHAMMED.A. KARIM, M. A.; FERDOUS A. TAJ, F. A.; RAHMAN, A. Predicting springback in V-bending: Effects of load, load holding time, and heat treatment on common sheet-metal forming operations. Materials Today Communications. V. 43. 111668. 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.111668
OEHLER, Gerhard; KAISER, Fritz. Schnitt-, Stanz- und Ziehwerkzeuge: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der neuesten Verfahren und der Werkzeugstähle mit zahlreichen Konstruktions- und Werkstattbeispielen. 5 ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1973. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-00717-4
PERKA, A. et al. Advanced High-Strength Steels for Automotive Applicantions: Arc and Laser Welding Process, Properites, and Chalenges, Metals. V. 12, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/met12061051
ROCHA, R. P.; RIFFEL, M.; MOZETIC, H.; SCHAEFFER, L. Análise do Retorno Elástico no Processo de Dobramento em “V” em Aços de Alta Resistência. Brazilian Journal of Development. v.8, n.4, p. 27662-27677. Abril, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n4-320
RODRIGUES, J.; MARTINS, P. Tecnologia Mecânica: Tecnologia da deformação plástica - aplicações industriais. Lisboa: Escolar, p. 265-332, 2010.
SCHAEFFER, L.; NUNES, R. M.; BRITO, A. M. Tecnologia da estampagem de chapas metálicas. 1ª ed. Porto Alegre: Gráfica da UFRGS, p. 56-65. 2017.
TSCHÄTSCH, H. Praxiswissen Umformtechnik. Capter: 16 - Biegen. p. 164 – 181 Springer Book. 1997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-93940-1_16
ULSAB. UltraLight Steel Auto Body – Advanced Vehicle Concepts (ULSAB-AVC). [homepage on the Internet] 2017: <http://www.worldautosteel.org/projects/ulsab-avc-2/>.
VORKOV, V. et al. Experimental Investigation of Large Radius Air Bending. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, V. 92. p. 3553-3569. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-017-0346-6
VORKOV, V. et al. Analytical Prediction of Large Radius Bending by Circular Approximation. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering. V. 140, nº. 12. p. 121010-0 a 121010-12. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4041496
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Valtenês de Souza Bossle, Lirio Schaeffer, Matheus Henrique Riffel , Rafael Pandolfo da Rocha, Juliano Cantarelli Toniolo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits the sharing of the work with proper acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal;
Authors are authorized to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (e.g., posting in an institutional repository or publishing it as a book chapter), provided that authorship and initial publication in this journal are properly acknowledged, and that the work is adapted to the template of the respective repository;
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this may lead to productive exchanges and increase the impact and citation of the published work (see The Effect of Open Access);
Authors are responsible for correctly providing their personal information, including name, keywords, abstracts, and other relevant data, thereby defining how they wish to be cited. The journal’s editorial board is not responsible for any errors or inconsistencies in these records.
PRIVACY POLICY
The names and email addresses provided to this journal will be used exclusively for the purposes of this publication and will not be made available for any other purpose or to third parties.
Note: All content of the work is the sole responsibility of the author and the advisor.
