PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIVE PARAMETERS FOR BODY COMPOSITION AND PHASE ANGLE IN TRACK-AND-FIELD ATHLETES FROM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/pfhzcq67Keywords:
Anthropometry; Athletic Performance; Bioelectrical Impedance; Phase Angle; Track and FieldAbstract
The assessment of body composition and the determination of phase angle (PA) have been widely acknowledged as physiologically meaningful tools for analysing athletic performance and health condition. However, event-specific descriptive data for track-and-field athletes in the Brazilian Amazon remain scarce. Objective: To describe and compare preliminary descriptive parameters of body composition and phase angle in sprint and endurance track-and-field athletes from the state of Amapá, Brazil, stratified by age group and event category. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study enrolled 46 athletes (≥14 years) affiliated with the Amapá Athletics Federation. Anthropometric measurements (body mass, stature), body composition measured through skinfold thickness at eight anatomical sites (subscapular, triceps, biceps, mid-axillary, supra-iliac, abdominal, thigh and calf) and octapolar multifrequency bioelectrical impedance with age-specific predictive equations for fat-free mass automatically applied by the device software according to the participant’s chronological age — Gonzalez et al. (2019) for adults (≥19 years) and Costa et al. (2022) for adolescents (14–18 years), both validated for the Brazilian population, and PA were obtained using standardised protocols. Participants were stratified into two age groups (14–18 years; ≥19 years) and two event categories (sprint; endurance). Statistical analysis comprised descriptive measures (Q1, Q2, Q3, mean ± SD), Shapiro-Wilk normality testing and independent-samples Student’s t-tests (α = 0.05). Results: Adult sprint athletes showed higher lean mass percentage (LM%) and lower body fat percentage (BF%) than endurance counterparts (p = 0.013). Body mass index (BMI) was higher in adults than adolescents in both event categories (p ≤ 0.006). Adult sprint athletes presented higher total PA, upper-limb PA (ULPA), and lower-limb PA (LLPA) than endurance athletes (p ≤ 0.003). Conclusions: These preliminary descriptive parameters may inform talent identification, individualised training prescription and longitudinal health monitoring of regional track-and-field athletes, although their use as normative references requires larger and sex-stratified samples. The higher PA values observed in adult sprint athletes are consistent with this parameter being associated with cellular integrity, lean mass status, and neuromuscular readiness in this exploratory sample.
Downloads
References
ACKLAND, T. R.; LOHMAN, T. G.; SUNDGOT-BORGEN, J. et al. Current status of body composition assessment in sport. Sports Medicine, v. 42, n. 3, p. 227-249, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11597140-000000000-00000
AERENHOUTS, D.; CLARYS, P.; TAEYMANS, J.; CAUWENBERG, J. V. Estimating body composition in adolescent sprint athletes: comparison of different methods in a 3 years longitudinal design. PLoS ONE, v. 10, n. 8, e0136788, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136788. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136788
ALIZADEH, Z.; ROSTAMU, M. Body mass index and percentage of body fat as indicators for obesity in an adolescent athletic population: why the Jackson-Pollock formula? Sports Health, v. 3, n. 5, p. 421, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111416927. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111416927
ALVES JUNIOR, C. A.; MORAES, M. S.; COSTA, G.; SILVA, D. A. Body composition among university female athletes of team sports. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, v. 27, n. 2, p. 156-160, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127022020_0046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202127022020_0046
BARBOSA-SILVA, M. C.; BARROS, A. J. Bioelectrical impedance analysis in clinical practice: a new perspective on its use beyond body composition equations. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, v. 8, n. 3, p. 311-317, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mco.0000165011.69943.39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mco.0000165011.69943.39
BARTKOWIAK, S.; KONARSKI, J.; STRZELCZYK, R. et al. Weight status, BMI and physical fitness in Polish youth: relationships between 1986 and 2016. Acta Kinesiológica, v. 15, n. 2, p. 134-143, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.2.18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51371/issn.1840-2976.2021.15.2.18
CARVALHO, R. M. de; COSTA, D. J. da; PUREZA, D. Y.; BELFORT, D. R.; ALBERTO, A. A.; MATERKO, W. Accuracy of BMI cutoff points based on WHO criteria for overweight/obesity in adolescents in Macapá, AP. Temas de Saúde, v. 19, n. 5, p. 8-23, 2019.
CIRILLO, E.; POMPEO, A.; CIRILLO, F. T. et al. Relationship between bioelectrical impedance phase angle and upper and lower limb muscle strength in athletes from several sports: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports, v. 11, n. 5, p. 107, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11050107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sports11050107
CIRILLO, L.; CASANOVA, F.; TAVARES, F. et al. The relationships between body composition, phase angle, and strength in youth athletes from Paraná. Motricidade, v. 19, n. 1, p. 84-92, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.27834.
ETCHISON, W. C.; BLOODGOOD, E.; MINTO, C. P. et al. Body mass index and percentage of body fat as indicators for obesity in an adolescent athletic population. Sports Health, v. 3, n. 3, p. 249-252, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111404655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738111404655
EZZAT, A. M.; SCHNEEBERG, A.; KOEHOORN, M.; EMERY, C. A. Association between body composition and sport injury in Canadian adolescents. Physiotherapy Canada, v. 68, n. 3, p. 275-281, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2015-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/ptc.2015-59
HETHERINGTON-RAUTH, M.; LEU, C. G.; JÚDICE, P. B.; CORREIA, I. R.; MAGALHÃES, J. P.; SARDINHA, L. B. Whole body and regional phase angle as indicators of muscular performance in athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, v. 21, n. 12, p. 1684-1692, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1858971. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1858971
HIRSCH, K. R.; SMITH-RYAN, A. E.; TREXLER, E. T.; ROELOFS, E. J. Body composition and muscle characteristics of Division I track and field athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 30, n. 5, p. 1231-1238, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001203
HORTA, L.; MILLER, R.; MATOS, L.; BARATA, T. A composição corporal ideal: as primeiras tabelas portuguesas. In: HORTA, L. (Ed.). Prevenção de lesões no desporto. 3. ed. Lisboa: Caminho, 1995. p. 86-128.
KUBO, K.; IKEBUKURO, T.; YATA, H.; TOMITA, M.; OKADA, M. Morphological and mechanical properties of muscle and tendon in highly trained sprinters. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, v. 27, n. 4, p. 336-344, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.4.336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.4.336
KUMAGAI, K.; ABE, T.; BRECHUE, W. F.; RYUSHI, T.; TAKANO, S.; MIZUNO, M. Sprint performance is related to muscle fascicle length in male 100-m sprinters. Journal of Applied Physiology, v. 88, n. 3, p. 811-816, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.3.811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.3.811
MARTINS, P. C.; LIMA TIAGO, A. de; SILVA, A. M.; SILVA, D. A. Association of phase angle with muscle strength and aerobic fitness in different populations: a systematic review. Nutrition, v. 93, 111489, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111489
MATIAS, C. N.; CAMPA, F.; NUNES, C. L. et al. Phase angle is a marker of muscle quantity and strength in overweight/obese former athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 18, n. 12, p. 6649, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126649
MATTIELLO, R.; MUNDSTOCK, E.; ZIEGELMANN, P. K. Brazilian reference percentiles for bioimpedance phase angle of healthy individuals. Frontiers in Nutrition, v. 6, n. 9, 912840, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.912840. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.912840
MONTEIRO, E. A.; BENITEZ, M. F.; ORDONEZ, A. M.; BRANDÃO, G. C.; FERNANDES, I. Ângulo de fase como marcador de nutrição e força máxima em atletas de alto rendimento. Pleiade, v. 12, n. 26, p. 156-164, 2018.
O’CONNOR, H.; OLDS, T.; MAUGHAN, R. J. International Association of Athletics Federations. Physique and performance for track and field events. Journal of Sports Sciences, v. 25, supl. 1, p. S49-S60, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701607296. Errata in: Journal of Sports Sciences, v. 27, n. 6, p. 667, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701607296
PICANÇO, L.; REIS, C.; BELFORT, D. Perfil antropométrico e nutricional de atletas do projeto viva atletismo da Universidade Federal do Amapá. In: SAMUEL, M.; ARAÚJO, A. (Ed.). Movimento humano, saúde e desempenho 2. [S.l.]: Atena, 2020. p. 70-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.8212013087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.8212013087
ROELOFS, E. J.; SMITH-RYAN, A. E.; MELVIN, M. N.; WINGFIELD, H. L.; TREXLER, E. T.; WALKER, N. Muscle size, quality, and body composition: characteristics of Division I cross-country runners. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, v. 29, n. 2, p. 290-296, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000729
SEDEAUD, A.; MARC, A.; MARCK, A. et al. BMI, a performance parameter for speed improvement. PLoS ONE, v. 9, n. 2, e90183, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090183
STANULA, A.; ROCZNIOK, R.; GABRYŚ, T.; SZMATLAN-GABRYŚ, U.; MASZCZYK, A.; PIETRASZEWSKI, P. Relations between BMI, body mass and height, and sports competence among participants of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games: does sport metabolic demand differentiate? Perceptual and Motor Skills, v. 117, n. 3, p. 837-854, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/25.29.PMS.117x31z4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/25.29.PMS.117x31z4
THUANY, M.; KNECHTLE, B.; RASEMANN, T.; ALMEIDA, M. B.; GOMES, T. N. Running around the country: an analysis of the running. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 18, n. 12, p. 6610, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126610
TJELTA, L. The training of international level distance runners. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, v. 11, n. 1, p. 122-134, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954115624813
TREMATORE, L. B.; MACUCCI, L. W.; MORAES, A. M. de. Phase angle derived from bioelectric impedance in adolescent basketball athletes and non-athletes. Contemporary Journal, v. 3, n. 9, p. 15605-15621, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56083/RCV3N9-115
WILLEMS, A.; PAULSON, T. A.; KEIL, M.; BROOKE-WAVELL, K.; GOOSEY-TOLFREY, V. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, skinfold thickness, and waist circumference for assessing body composition in ambulant and non-ambulant wheelchair games players. Frontiers in Physiology, v. 6, n. 27, p. 356, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00356
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Gizelly Coelho Guedes, Demilto Yamaguchi da Pureza, Dilson Rodrigues Belfort
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits the sharing of the work with proper acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal;
Authors are authorized to enter into separate, additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (e.g., posting in an institutional repository or publishing it as a book chapter), provided that authorship and initial publication in this journal are properly acknowledged, and that the work is adapted to the template of the respective repository;
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their personal websites) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this may lead to productive exchanges and increase the impact and citation of the published work (see The Effect of Open Access);
Authors are responsible for correctly providing their personal information, including name, keywords, abstracts, and other relevant data, thereby defining how they wish to be cited. The journal’s editorial board is not responsible for any errors or inconsistencies in these records.
PRIVACY POLICY
The names and email addresses provided to this journal will be used exclusively for the purposes of this publication and will not be made available for any other purpose or to third parties.
Note: All content of the work is the sole responsibility of the author and the advisor.
