VALORES DE REFERENCIA PARA LA COMPOSICIÓN CORPORAL Y EL ÁNGULO DE FASE EN ATLETAS DE ATLETISMO DE LA AMAZONIA BRASILEÑA: UN ESTUDIO TRANSVERSAL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/pfhzcq67Palabras clave:
Antropometría; Rendimiento atlético; Impedancia bioeléctrica; ángulo de fase; atletismoResumen
La composición corporal y el ángulo de fase (AF) se reconocen como indicadores fisiológicamente relevantes del rendimiento atlético y el estado de salud. Sin embargo, los datos normativos específicos para atletas de pista y campo en la Amazonía brasileña son escasos. Objetivo: Desarrollar valores de referencia para la composición corporal y las variables de AF para atletas de pista y campo de velocidad y resistencia del estado de Amapá, Brasil, estratificados por grupo de edad y categoría de evento. Métodos: Un estudio observacional transversal incluyó a 46 atletas (≥14 años) afiliados a la Federación de Atletismo de Amapá. Se obtuvieron mediciones antropométricas (masa corporal, altura), composición corporal (grosor de pliegues cutáneos y bioimpedancia octapolar) y presión arterial utilizando protocolos estandarizados. Los participantes se estratificaron en dos grupos de edad (14–18 años; ≥19 años) y dos categorías de evento (velocidad; resistencia). El análisis estadístico incluyó medidas descriptivas (Q1, Q2, Q3, media ± DE), prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Wilk y prueba t de Student para muestras independientes (α = 0,05). Resultados: Los velocistas mostraron una masa magra (LM%) significativamente mayor y una grasa corporal (BF%) menor en comparación con los atletas de resistencia en el subgrupo de adultos. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue significativamente mayor en los adultos en comparación con los adolescentes en ambas categorías de eventos. Los velocistas adultos demostraron una actividad física total, una actividad física de las extremidades superiores (ULPA) y una actividad física de las extremidades inferiores (LLPA) significativamente mayores que los atletas de resistencia (p ≤ 0,003). Conclusiones: Las tablas de referencia normativas presentadas aquí pueden ayudar en la identificación de talentos, la prescripción de entrenamiento individualizado y el seguimiento longitudinal de la salud de los atletas regionales de atletismo. Los valores de AF más altos observados en los atletas de velocidad adultos refuerzan la utilidad de este parámetro biofísico como un indicador de integridad celular, estado de masa magra y preparación neuromuscular.
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