SALUD BUCAL EN PACIENTES INTERNADOS EN UNIDAD DE CUIDADOS INTENSIVOS: PARTICULARIDADES, ACTUACIÓN ODONTOLÓGICA Y PREVENCIÓN DE LA NEUMONÍA ASOCIADA A VENTILACIÓN MECÁNICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/trjkhj07Palabras clave:
Salud bucal, UCI, Biofilm, Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica, Higiene oralResumen
La salud bucal de los pacientes ingresados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) presenta desafíos específicos que culminan en un aumento del riesgo de infecciones nosocomiales. La cavidad oral, comprometida por factores como la sedación profunda y la ventilación mecánica, se transforma rápidamente en un reservorio de patógenos, favoreciendo la aspiración de secreciones y la subsiguiente Neumonía Asociada a Ventilación Mecánica (NAVM). Este artículo de revisión profundiza en las particularidades fisiopatológicas de la salud bucal del paciente crítico y los mecanismos de colonización orofaríngea, así como en el papel insustituible del cirujano dentista en el equipo de la UCI, detallando sus intervenciones preventivas. Se abordan también los mecanismos de resistencia antimicrobiana facilitados por el biofilm oral y la evidencia más actual sobre la eficacia de protocolos de higiene oral que combinan la remoción mecánica y agentes antisépticos en la reducción de la NAVM. Se concluye que la institucionalización de protocolos rigurosos de higiene oral que incluyen el cepillado dental, supervisado o realizado por un dentista hospitalario, y el uso juicioso de antisépticos (principalmente clorhexidina al 0,12%) son medidas costo-efectivas que reducen drásticamente la incidencia de NAVM. Sin embargo, es crucial que más estudios se centren en el impacto de estas intervenciones en desenlaces como la mortalidad, el tiempo de estancia y la emergencia de resistencia bacteriana.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Derlano Bentes Capucho, Márcia Brazão e Silva Brandão, Fabiana Granja

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