INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL EN LA ATENCIÓN PRIMARIA DE SALUD BRASILEÑA: POTENCIALIDADES, RIESGOS ÉTICOS E IMPLICACIONES PARA LA EQUIDAD EN EL SUS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/2rtma471Palabras clave:
Inteligencia artificial, Atención Primaria de Salud, Equidad en salud, Sistema Único de Salud, ÉticaResumen
La incorporación de la inteligencia artificial (IA) a los sistemas de salud ha ampliado las posibilidades de apoyo a la decisión clínica, estratificación de riesgos, automatización de tareas, vigilancia epidemiológica y organización del cuidado. Sin embargo, en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS), estas aplicaciones operan en contextos marcados por desigualdades territoriales, raciales, socioeconómicas y digitales, lo que puede convertir las ganancias de eficiencia en nuevas formas de exclusión. Este estudio analizó críticamente las potencialidades, los riesgos éticos y las implicaciones para la equidad derivadas del uso de la IA en la APS brasileña y en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Se realizó una revisión integradora, con recorte temporal de 2016 a 2026, basada en literatura científica nacional e internacional y documentos normativos sobre salud digital, protección de datos y gobernanza algorítmica. La síntesis abordó aplicaciones y beneficios potenciales; fuentes de sesgo y desigualdad; protección de datos, transparencia y rendición de cuentas; y requisitos de gobernanza para su adopción en el SUS. La IA puede favorecer la identificación temprana de riesgos, reducir la carga administrativa, ampliar la capacidad analítica de los equipos y mejorar la coordinación del cuidado. No obstante, los datos incompletos, la subrepresentación de grupos poblacionales, las variables objetivo inadecuadas, la baja explicabilidad, la dependencia tecnológica y la ausencia de monitoreo por subgrupos pueden reproducir o ampliar inequidades. Su adopción ética exige validación local, supervisión humana, evaluación continua del desempeño y de la equidad, participación social, protección de datos y responsabilidad institucional. En el SUS, la innovación tecnológica debe permanecer subordinada a los principios de universalidad, integralidad y equidad.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Vinicius de Lima Lovadini, Ana Carolina Buchegger Marcelino Moura, Isabelly Almeida Costa, André Wilian Lozano, Valéria Albuquerque Vaz Rodrigues, Ana Paula de Lima, Wagner Rafael da Silva, Vanessa Dias de Oliveira Justi, Alessandra Cristiane Alves do Nascimento , Patrícia Michelassi Carrinho Aureliano, José Martins Pinto Neto, Nicezia Vilela Junqueira Franqueiro, Bianca Ortunho Boato, Valter Mariano dos Santos Junior
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