CRECIMIENTO INICIAL DE CLONES DE Coffea canephora BAJO SOMBRA: ¿ACLIMATACIÓN FUNCIONAL O EVITACIÓN DE SOMBRA?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66104/v908th38Palabras clave:
café robusta, arquitectura de la planta, plasticidad morfofisiológica, sistemas agroforestales, microclimaResumen
El sombreado se ha evaluado como práctica de manejo para cafetales cultivados en regiones tropicales expuestas a alta radiación, temperaturas elevadas e irregularidad hídrica. En Coffea canephora, la respuesta a la menor irradiancia varía según el genotipo, la edad de la planta, la especie asociada, la intensidad de la sombra y la competencia por agua y nutrientes. Esta revisión narrativa estructurada, con orientación aplicada, examinó evidencias sobre crecimiento inicial, arquitectura de la planta y aclimatación morfofisiológica de clones y genotipos de C. canephora en ambientes sombreados, con énfasis en la distinción entre aclimatación funcional y evitación de sombra. La búsqueda se realizó en bases abiertas, en el Portal de Periódicos de la CAPES y en Google Académico como ruta complementaria, reuniendo estudios sobre café robusta/conilon bajo menor irradiancia, plántulas, sistemas agroforestales, microclima, fisiología de la luz y variables biométricas. El material analizado indica que la cobertura vegetal puede atenuar extremos microclimáticos y reducir la demanda evaporativa; cuando es excesiva o está mal distribuida, sin embargo, puede limitar la asimilación de carbono, intensificar la competencia y favorecer el alargamiento desproporcionado. La altura, considerada de forma aislada, no permite evaluar adecuadamente la calidad del crecimiento. La interpretación se vuelve más consistente cuando articula diámetro del cuello, relación altura/diámetro, número de hojas, longitud de entrenudos, vigor, índice relativo de clorofila estimado por SPAD, irradiancia, temperatura del aire y, cuando están disponibles, temperatura foliar e intercambio gaseoso. En ambientes amazónicos, la sombra debe manejarse según el clon, el arreglo productivo y la fase de desarrollo.
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